Elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Versatility of interest - Essay Example e conduct of value versatility under monopolistic rivalry, oligopoly, and imposing business model to decide the distinctions in value flexibility among the financial structures. Under monopolistic rivalry the value versatility is high. One reason this happens is on the grounds that there are numerous organizations contending in the commercial center. Firms can enter effectively into this market structure in light of the fact that there are no obstructions of section. A case of a firm working under monopolistic rivalry is the inexpensive food monster McDonalds. It is clear at client that the costs between cheap food chains change a great deal dependent on the value moves made by others. When McDonalds presented its one dollar esteem menu, rivals in the business, for example, Burger King and Wendy’s followed with their very own practical menu. The exceptional rivalry in under this market structure raises the value versatility of interest for its players. In an oligopoly advertise structure the value flexibility of interest is medium. An oligopoly advertise is one in which there are a predetermined number of firms partaking in the commercial center. Since there is rivalry the value flexibility of interest is influenced by others. There are obstructions of passage which limit the quantity of members. The value versatility of interest is lower in imposing business model than in monopolistic rivalry since it now to the greatest advantage of the members for value wars to happen. Numerous changes in cost among member in the market can be extremely harming to the whole market structure. A case of an oligopoly is the carrier business. Aircrafts can not go in the maximum wars since their exercises are interconnected similarly as sharing assets from air terminals and the firm know the total interest for flying is to some degree stable, along these lines a value war will just lower the complete benefits of the considerable number of members in the market structure. The monetary benefits of firms partaking in an oligopoly rely upon different players which bring down the value versatility of interest. A third market

Classification of Computer Users

Steven Cespedes Egan College Writing January ninth, 2012 Classification of Computer Users The sound of the console composing endlessly and the clicking of the mouse for the duration of the night has become an ordinary event in every American family unit. Keeping awake until a few toward the beginning of the day perusing the web has gotten an attribute of numerous PC clients today. Since the PC has been concocted life, work, and delight have changed definitely. With the making of the web, the potential outcomes with PCs are everything except perpetual. Individuals presently can speak with others from everywhere throughout the world. With both of these technologiesâ working together, PCs have become a need for homes and organizations all over. In spite of the fact that most of PCs are comparable in idea, various individuals use them in various ways. Some utilization their PCs for work and others as a wellspring of diversion. For whatever length of time that the world exists, there will be a few distinct kinds of PC clients. The programmer is one kind of PC client, they burn through most ofâ theirâ time electronically breaking into different computer’s. The word programmer is equal with web violations, anyway programmers are exceptionally smart people with an immense information on PCs. They invest their energy attempting to get through security frameworks of different systems associated with the web. Programmers are scandalous for penetrating CIA databases, charge card organizations, or all the more as of late the PlayStation Network and unleashing devastation. These individuals keep awake for quite a long time searching for codes and passwords for different frameworks on the web with expectations of acquiring a type of significant data. There are numerous sites and gatherings committed to this past time which teaches the overall population just as new programmers to their game. They know how the PCs work and are normally extremely acquainted with programming dialects, so they can make their own projects to break passwords. Half of the time programmers are not harming anyone by the exercises they perform, they take care of business for the experience and for gloating rights inside the programmer network. [pic] The gamers are the individuals who invest their energy messing around on the web. These are the individuals who keep awake to till sunrise assaulting, shooting, and hustling with others on the web. There are numerous games which join the online play, for example, World of Warcraft and Call of Duty to name a couple. Anyway there are numerous different games, for example, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Half Life 2 that offer disconnected play that is similarly as famous. The primary thing that gamers do when they jump on the PC is to check if their companions are playing on the web. The greater part of these gamers even add extraordinary assistants to improve their internet gaming experience, for example, a receiver to converse with different players or a joystick that can be utilized rather than a console. These kinds of PC clients are handily recognized, as they regularly wear authorized game shirts around town. The fundamental reason for the PC for a gamer is to play different games and pick up all that they can about each game. These people are dependent on messing around on the web, and can be discovered gazing at their PC screen until the sun comes up. The customers are the individuals who are continually riding the web looking for the most up to date garments or contraptions. These are the individuals who watch Ebay barters for a considerable length of time, holding up until the last second to outbid every other person. They will peruse many sites searching for the best deal. Rather than setting off to the shopping centers and doing their shopping, they will sit in their seat for quite a long time, visiting different sites on the web. They utilize the web to look into the freshest design as opposed to investing that energy to work or study. Web customers are dependent on buying products online due to the simplicity of having it sent directly to their entryway. This utilization of the PC as a rule serves to be the most costly due to the entirety of the cash associated with buys. Downloaders are the individuals who utilize the PC mostly to download whatever is free. These are the individuals who leave their PCs on the entire day and for the duration of the late evening downloading music, motion pictures, and whatever else that is accessible. Deluges are exceptionally mainstream because of the straightforward entry to the mass measures of information made available to anybody with web get to. The legitimateness of these demonstrations is sketchy, yet deluge destinations by one way or another figure out how to get around copyright encroachments. Downloaders are continually working under the radar to get their hands on the most current programming for no charge. Downloaders are normally keen on PCs with heaps of hard drive space to store their information on. [pic] The laborers are the individuals who utilize their PC for no other reason than bringing in cash. These are the individuals who are continually checking if a customer has messaged them back, or making adjustments to tomorrow's marketing chart. Laborers for the most part want to utilize PCs the simplicity of shipping their information from home to work. Numerous laborers may really possess two PCs, one for business and one for delight. They for the most part have the freshest and quickest PCs, since they can manage the cost of them. These individuals have no issue sitting in a seat composing for eight hours per day in the event that they are paid wealthy so. Laborers might be the most capable with a PC because of the way that they are experts. [pic] The Social Networkers are the individuals who invest a large portion of their energy associating over the web. These are the individuals who invest may burn through more effort in Facebook and Twitter than they do conversing with genuine individuals. They are continually refreshing their status and sharing connections on their companion's dividers. They go through hours composing endlessly, meeting new individuals, and making new companions in this online network. Social Networkers appreciate posting about their regular daily existence, letting all of their companions (or adherents) know precisely what they're doing nonstop. They will â€Å"like† pages to advise others of their inclinations, and look for others with comparable interests. Informal organizations have transformed into an opposition of who can get the most companions or adherents, which draws drama queens by the dozen. These are the individuals who you can see online Facebook talk half of the day in any event, when they are busy working or in school. Each kind of client is comparative in the manner that they spend numerous hours before their PC screen composing endlessly the day and into the night. PCs have made life a lot simpler for certain individuals and have made various ways for some others. The PC has majorly affected life as we probably am aware it, making employments all over the place, giving us amusement when we are exhausted, and interfacing everybody regardless of their area on the planet. Regardless of what way of life you live, the PC can oblige every one.

Understanding the Job Characteristics Model (including Job Enrichment)

Understanding the Job Characteristics Model (including Job Enrichment) One of the most important components of human resources management is job design or work design, where the focus is on the specifications of the job that will satisfy requirements of the organization and the person holding the job. It is one core function of human resources management that cannot be overlooked or skipped, considering how it is an essential tool in ensuring high job satisfaction among workers within an organization, and improve productivity and the overall output.In the course of the life of an organization, there are changes that are bound to affect how various aspects of management operate. Human resources management is not immune to these effects and, many times, the HRM of an organization has to adapt to the changes. One form of adaptation is through implementing job or work redesigns. Another is through the conduct of various activities and programs that are aimed at job enrichment.Unfortunately, job redesign is not something that can be done overnight. There are several approaches that may be used, and one of the more popular and most acknowledged approaches is that one developed by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham, and which was aptly called the “Job Characteristics Model”. © Shutterstock.com | baranqIn this guide, we explore 1) the job characteristics theory and model and 2) how the job characteristics model can help with job enrichment.THE JOB CHARACTERISTICS THEORYHackman and Oldham, both organizational psychologists, developed the job characteristics theory (JCT) and first introduced it in 1976 in the book “Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 16, Issue 2”.According to this theory, “job design has an effect on motivation, work performance, and job satisfaction.” It has served as a framework for management to identify how certain job characteristics affect the outcomes of the jobs.In a more personal vein, it studies the various factors that make a specific job satisfying for the organization, and for the person doing the job. Therefore, it describes the relationship between job characteristics and the responses of individuals to work or the job being performed.The Job Characteristics Theory identified five core job dimensions that prompt three psychological states which, in turn, lead to or have an effect on five work-related outcomes or results. As we move forward with the discussion, we will expound on these further.Out of this theory, the Job Characteristics Model, which is still in full use today, was also introduced. Basically, this model specifies the conditions under which workers or individuals will be internally motivate to perform their jobs effectively.THE JOB CHARACTERISTICS MODELThe Job Characteristics Model was verified when Hackman and Oldham tested it on 658 employees, who are working in 62 different jobs in 7 different businesses or organizations. The results were deemed to be reliable and conclusive, which is the reason why it still holds a lot of weight today, despite the number of other job design theories introduced.Take a look at the diagram of the Job Characteristics Model, as presented by Hackman and Oldham. The Job Characteristics Model Hackman and OldhamIn order to get a full picture of the Job Characteristics Model, we have to go break down its composition: the five core job characteristics or dimensions, the five work-related outcomes, and the three psychological states.Five Core Job CharacteristicsHackman and Oldham provided clear definitions on the five job dimensions or characteristics.#1. Skill varietyThis refers to the “degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities in carrying out the work, involving the use of a number of different skills and talents of a person”. Therefore, it follows that the individual will be required to develop a variety of talents and skills.This area asks the number of skills and talents that the job requires of the person that will be working on it. A quick giveaway would be to assess whether the job is monotonous and repetitive or if it asks the worker to do a number of different tasks or actions.Compare two individuals working t wo different jobs. Job A is pretty much elementary, with the tasks being performed in a routine and repetitive manner. It does not demand much skill or ability. Job B, on the other hand, is quite complex, requiring that the worker be in possession of several skills or abilities. Who, between the two workers, will have greater chances of experiencing meaningfulness in their jobs?That’s correct. It’s the one working on Job B, since it requires variety in skills.#2. Task identityThis is the “degree to which the job requires completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work; that is, doing a job from beginning to end with visible outcome”. This involves being able to work on an entire work process, rather than just on bits and pieces of it. Therefore, it is important to assess whether the job or task has a clearly defined beginning, middle and end.Workers tend to find more meaning in their jobs when they can identify a complete and visible outcome at the end of the day, or of a work cycle. Let us say, for example, that two workers are involved in the same work process. Worker A is responsible for only a small part of the work, probably in the first phase. Worker B, on the other hand, is involved throughout the entire process.Between the two, Worker B is more likely to find his job meaningful, because he can see a visible outcome, and he feels more involved in the completion of the process. For him, a job that he is able to complete, from beginning to end, seems more worthwhile, than simply working on Phase 1, then not having a hand on the rest of the process. In fact, he may not even be aware whether the process has been completed or not, because he is focused on his assigned phase of the process. #3. Task significanceTask significance is said to be the “degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives of other people, whether those people are in the immediate organization or in the world at large”. The task â€" and the job â€" is signific ant if it can affect other people’s lives. And it should not just be the people within the organization, but even those outside.For many, a job holds more meaning if it can help improve the well-being of other people (not just himself), whether physically, psychologically, or emotionally. Knowing that their job, and their performance thereof, has the capacity to have a positive impact on others will motivate them further to do better.Individuals who put great stock on task significance are very keen on finding out whether the job that they are doing actually matters to other people. For them, meaning comes in the form of recognition by other people.#4. AutonomyThis pertains to the “degree to which the job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedure to be used in carrying it out”.Autonomy is often seen in positions with managerial, supervisorial and ministerial functions. Examples of jobs w ith high levels of autonomy are managers, team leaders, supervising officers, division and department heads, and senior management. These jobs tend to become more meaningful to the ones performing them because they feel greater personal responsibility for their own actions on the job.But it’s not just limited to people in managerial positions. Even workers have a strong sense of personal responsibility if they are left to perform their tasks using their own efforts and initiatives, and they are allowed to make the decisions and call the shots.They will definitely feel less of this autonomy if they are made to meekly follow the instructions of a supervisor, or adhere strictly to what a job procedures manual provides. This will not help them feel responsible for their actions at all.#5. FeedbackJob feedback refers to the“degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job provides the individual with direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or h er performance”.As much as possible, workers would like to be kept in the loop on their performance of the job. Not only will this keep them apprised of their progress as workers, it is also one way for them to boost their self-esteem. If they are told by their supervisors or managers that they are going a good job, they are likely to feel motivated to continue with how they are doing so far. In contrast, if they are told that they are not performing as expected, then they will respond accordingly and improve their performance.If all five characteristics are lumped or combined together, we will be able to come up with a single figure or index that will act as the indicator of the overall motivating potential of the job being evaluated or redesigned. This index will essentially show the possibility or likelihood of a job affecting the attitudes and behaviors of the employee or worker.This figure or index is called the MPS, or the “motivating potential score”.Using all five core job characteristics, the formula for the MPS is:MPS = (Skill variety + Task identity + Task significance)/3 X Autonomy X FeedbackThe following propositions can be gleaned from the formula:If all five core job characteristics are high, there is a high probability that the worker will experience the three psychological states. This will naturally result to positive outcomes.In order for a job to be considered to have high motivating potential, at least one among Skill Variety, Task Identity and Task Significance) should also be high. However, it is a given that the job should also be high on both Autonomy and Feedback. A low score on any of the two will pull the MPS down.A low score on any one of the three does not automatically mean that the job will have a low motivating potential, since it could be offset by a high score on any of the other two. Three Critical Psychological StatesAccording to Faturochman, the only way for the desirable outcomes to appear or materialize is for the individual to experience all three psychological states, and the only way to experience these states, is to possess the core job characteristics.Hackman and Oldham also mentioned motivation, which will definitely be high among individuals who are able to experience these psychological states.Psychological State 1. Experience meaningfulness of workIndividuals have to feel that, when they are working, they are doing something meaningful. They feel that their work, in and of itself, is meaningful. This means that they have to feel that what they are doing is generally worthwhile or of value. It should also hold some importance or significance, especially with respect to a system or a set of values that the individual, on a personal level, believes in or accepts.Looking at the diagram of the model, we can easily see that there is a connection between meaningfulness of work and the first three core job characteristics. In short, a worker will be able to find more meaning in his job if sk ill variety, task identity and task significance are present.Meaningfulness of work and Skill Variety: Not only should the job require a variety of skills and talents; it should also have the appropriate number of skills and talents, and the appropriate skills and talents.Basically, requiring too many skills and talents may make the job too overwhelming and complex, so the worker will have difficulty keeping up with it. On the other hand, a job that requires too little skills and talents may make it too boring and not challenging at all.In the same vein, the skills and talents should be a fit for the job itself. There would be no point requiring a skill or talent that will not contribute to the accomplishment of a task.Take, for example, the job of a chauffeur. Driving is the most basic skill required of him, but in many organizations, they may also require the driver to have mechanical troubleshooting skills and a talent for making conversation, especially when the nature of their job requires them to drive guests and visitors around the city.Meaningfulness of work and Task Identity:The worker will feel more pride in their work when they are able to identify it wholly and completely.Another example given in several write-ups is the manufacture of a washing machine. In the assembly line of a washing machine manufacturing company, there is one worker whose only task is to add one nut to one bolt, in the exact same spot. If he has to do this one thing repetitively, throughout a six- to eight-hour shift, he will be less motivated than, say, another worker who is in charge of attaching the drum and other parts.Meaningfulness of work and Task Significance:Say, for example, that an employee is tasked to create project proposals, with the knowledge that these proposals are likely to be approved and implemented, and will result to the company’s earnings increasing and, as a result, everyone’s bonuses also going up.Task significance is going to be high, because the employee is aware that the results of his job will benefit not only himself, but other employees of the company as well. He will therefore find his job more meaningful and will be more motivated to come up with excellent project proposals.Psychological State 2. Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the workWe are not talking here of just about any type of responsibility. In the context of the JCM, we are speaking of personal responsibility. The individual has to feel personally accountable for the outcomes or results of his work, or the tasks that he is doing.Freedom and autonomy is given in the performance of one’s job. The worker will then use this freedom of action to make decisions on how to perform the job, such as making changes in the process, deciding on scheduling, and applying certain principles that he deems appropriate and beneficial to the accomplishment of the task.However, together with this freedom and autonomy is a sense of responsibility. Depending on the d ecisions made by the worker, he or she will be responsible for the results, whether it is a success or a failure.Psychological State 3. Knowledge of the actual results or outcomesIt is a given that knowing the results or outcomes of your job will help you track or monitor your effectiveness in your job. It will also help you evaluate your job performance better.Having knowledge of the outcomes is important because:It will ensure that the worker is fully aware of the success (or failure) of his work and, in the process, allow them to learn from his mistakes.It will allow the worker to connect, on an emotional level, with the customers or end users of their outputs. Consequently, this will let them find more meaning in their work.Now let us take these three psychological states and relate them with the core job characteristics.The first three core job characteristics â€" skill variety, task identity and task significance â€" have a direct impact on the individual worker’s experience d meaningfulness of work.Meanwhile, the amount of autonomy he enjoys will have an effect on the individual’s experienced responsibility towards work outcomes or results. The fifth core job characteristic â€" feedback â€" leads to the individual gaining knowledge of the actual results of the work-related activities of the job.[slideshare id=40995540doc=happinessatworkandpassionhappylunch7diff-141101102834-conversion-gate01w=640h=330]Work-Related OutcomesOriginally, the proponents of the JCT proposed five possible work-related outcomes.Internal Work Motivation: An employee may derive motivation to perform his work from external sources. However, the best type of motivation would still be intrinsic motivation, which comes internally, or naturally in a worker.Job Satisfaction: The simple definition of job satisfaction is the level of contentment of an employee with his or her job. Hulin and Judge, however, gave a more complex definition, referring to it as a multi-dimensional psycholo gical response to one’s job, and these responses could either be cognitive, affective or behavioral.Performance Quality: This outcome focuses on the overall quality of how the work was performed. Was it effective? Was it efficient? Were the targets achieved? Were the standards of quality adhered to?Absenteeism: A highly motivated worker will definitely register low absenteeism. Usually, workers who are bored with their work, or not challenged at all, will not have the enthusiasm that pushes them to get up each morning to go to work. They will not look forward to the work day ahead and, as a result, are more than likely to just not go to work altogether. Of course, it goes without saying that absenteeism is one of the primary reasons for low productivity.Turnover: In any case, a company that registers a high turnover rate in personnel means that there are problems on how its human resources are managed. It could be that the poor job design does not motivate workers to stay long wit h the company. Thus, they will look for other jobs in other companies or industries.High turnover also means ultimately higher costs and inefficiencies for an organization. It means they have to frequently recruit and hire people and train the ones that are hired. After a few months, after the employees leave and new ones are hired, another round of training will take place. This will definitely mean more training costs to the company, not to mention severance packages for those who left.In 1980, however, a revision of the theory and model had the number of outcomes going from five to four. Absenteeism and turnover are removed, and performance quality is broken down into two:Quality of Work: How is the work performed? Are the standards of quality set by the company met?Quantity of Work: How much of the work was performed? Was the worker able to complete the expected amount of work within the time allotted, without compromising on quality?The heart of the Job Characteristics Model en tails designing (or redesigning) the job in a manner where the core job characteristics are a perfect and complementary fit to the individual’s or worker’s psychological state and, in the process, lead to the achievement of positive and desired outcomes or results.ModeratorsThe theory is not all cut and dried, however, because even the brains behind the JCT recognized that there will be varying responses to jobs that are deemed to have high motivating potential. In short, some employees may respond positively, but there may also be those who would not be affected in the same way.They addressed this gray area by pointing out that there are inherent traits or characteristics among individuals that will help bridge that divide often seen between the job characteristics and the psychological states. They called these the “moderators”.1. Knowledge and skills needed to perform the work or task required in the jobThe moderator is the level of knowledge and skill that the individual possesses, relevant to the job. Individuals who possess the skills, knowledge and competence in their performance of their job are more likely to feel positively towards their job and, in turn, this will pave the way for obtaining good or better results.In contrast, if the person performing the job has insufficient knowledge and skill towards the job, there is a low chance of him experiencing the psychological states. He can also expect less than stellar, and even negative, results or outcomes.2. Growth need strengthAccording to the theory, Growth Need Strength (GNS) moderates the relationship between core job characteristics and the psychological states. At the same time, it also moderates the relationship between the psychological states and the possible results or outcomes.This answers the following questions:How strongly does the individual want to accomplish something?How much does the individual hunger for personal learning and development?“Growth need strength” is define d as the degree to which people have a need for personal growth and development. Individuals who are “hungrier”, or those who have high growth need strength, are more likely to have a more enthusiastic response to various opportunities that come their way. They have a greater thirst for personal accomplishment, and they will see the job as an excellent tool for learning and development.3. “Context” satisfactionThe context we are talking about here is “work context” or “job context”, and they often include job security, pay or compensation, the co-workers, and the managers. It means that individuals may be motivated by internal aspects, but that does not mean they completely ignore the external ones.Individuals are also inclined to respond positively if they are satisfied by the contextual factors mentioned. For example, if they feel that they are being paid an amount commensurate to their job, then they will be more motivated to perform better. If they are satisfied with the quality of leadership that the supervisor is demonstrating, then they are also likely to improve their performance at work as part of the team.The rule of thumb is that, the higher the moderator levels are, the higher will also be the likelihood of the three psychological states to be experienced by the individual.Individuals that exhibit high levels in the moderator variables (knowledge and skills, growth need strength and work context satisfaction) are more likely to have a more positive response in their experience of the psychological outcomes. This also means that they can expect better outcomes or results.HOW THE JCM CAN HELP JOB ENRICHMENTApplication of the Job Characteristics Theory and model will enable the company to design jobs better and, in many cases, redesign existing jobs. The most common actions derived from the application of the theory are:Enforcing job rotationAdd variety and challenge by encouraging job rotation. There is a lower possibility of workers being bored of what they are doing, since they will not be stuck with their job for years on end.They will also get to have a bigger glimpse of the work that is being done by the company, instead of being solely focused on their own tasks.Varying assigned work and combining tasksIn order to enable skill variety, the jobs may be redesigned to require skills and talents that are varied instead of being monotonous and repetitive. By combining different tasks in a job, you will also be enhancing task identity and task significance.Delegation of tasks to the lowest possible levelWhile there are advantages to centralization (e.g. more control, easier monitoring), decentralization is still widely preferred. If tasks are delegated to the lowest possible level, this will encourage autonomy even among the rank-and-file. This vertical loading or distribution of jobs will, in turn, create a deeper sense of responsibility among all employees for the outcomes of their work.Assigning work to group s or teamsNot only will this encourage teamwork and cooperation within the organization, it will also encourage the wholeness of the output of the processes of the company. Being able to see the whole process or the bigger picture is one way to enforce task identity among the workers. When assigning tasks to teams, make sure that the teams are identifiable, specifically with the type of work they do. Team identity must be kept clear and strong to begin with.Encourage the sharing of ideasAsk for the ideas of other workers and encourage them to share their opinions and suggestions. The team â€" the organization, as a whole â€" is working towards a common goal, so it is only right to get everyone involved.Set effective performance evaluation and rewards systems in placeMotivate employees by putting in place systems to evaluate performance and give rewards. When evaluating performance and setting rewards,Set performance standards high, but still attainable. This will encourage employees to perform better than average.Measure performance objectively. There should be a system that can measure performance effectively and objectively.Provide incentives for executives, employees, and groups. Some examples of incentives are pay raises, bonuses, additional compensation packages, profit sharing, and stock options, to name a few.Connect the employees or workers with the customers or end usersThis will allow the workers to know firsthand what the end users think or feel about the output of their work. This feedback mechanism has proven to be one of the most effective, since the workers are directly connecting to those that they are serving or catering to.

How Democratic Is The U.s. Constitution - 1506 Words

Throughout the early historical development of our country’s political systems, there were many events that occurred in which influenced new laws. One of the most significant systems implemented was the drafting of the U.S. Constitutions in 1787. These laws helped established America s national government and fundamental laws as well as guaranteed our citizens equal rights. Robert Dahl brought new light on the issue of how our nation views the U.S. Constitution and how effective it came to be. Most importantly, there is the possibility that Americans have the ability to alter the Constitution when it is needed. In Dahl’s book â€Å"How Democratic is the U.S. Constitution?†, he makes us think deeper into the complexities of how the ideals of democracy were framed. Questioning American Beliefs on the Constitutional Convention During many points of the book, Robert Dahl proposes questions to the audience on why we believe in certain things about the constitution. He makes strong initial points regarding the purpose of this book is not to express his personal beliefs on what should be changed in the constitution, but to change the perspective on how our nation perceives it. I believe that if we citizens had more of a present role when the constitution was first drafted back in history, the outcome would have been much different. However, it still has been viewed by citizens as a respectful and significant event in our history that was written in 1787 by groups of wise historicalShow MoreRelatedHow Democratic Is The U.s. Constitution?970 Words   |  4 PagesHow Democratic is the U.S. Constitution? Democracy, a form of government where significant power is vested in the people and the people exercise their power by electing representatives or exercise their power directly by themselves via assembly. 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He stresses that his main aim is not to propose that the Constitution must be amended, but to facilitate readers in changing how they think about the Constitution. In order to help people rethink the Constitution, Dahl (2001) explained the limitations of its Framers and the Constitution’s not widely known undemocraticRead MoreFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans922 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America was founded on a Constitution that was supposed to preserve our freedoms and certain liberties. All Americans at that time wanted to keep America a free an independent nation with rights for its people. However there was two different groups, the Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans le d by Thomas Jefferson, which thought this could be achieved in very different ways. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were very different in theirRead MoreReview of How Democratic Is the Us Constitution809 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review Of How Democratic Is the American Constitution By Robert A. Dahl Context The American Constitution, seen by Americans as guiding light and bedrock of civil rights and democracy is as Robert A. Dahl argues not so democratic and does not guard the rights of individuals. P.18 Dahl places his work asking fundamental questions as to the use and application of the constitution in the modern world, not as an attack as Gordon S. Wood from New York Review of Books clearly states on theRead MoreThe U.s. Political System877 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. political system was planned out in the Constitution. This is a living document that can be amended and that is still constantly up for interpretation. The document has seven articles that lay out how the government is set up, plus 27 amendments. The first ten amendments make up the Bill of Rights. It is significant that our political system includes the Bill of Rights because it illustrates how we not only set up our government to govern but how we also set it up in a way that inherentlyRead MoreThe Rise Of Islami c Extremist Groups769 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world are that U.S. administrations mostly support dictators in the Muslim world, as long as they are allies and follow american orders , ignoring their records on human rights, accountability, and democracy.many of the countries are dysfunctional corrupt repressive state neither willing nor capable of reform yet americans will support them if they are a use to American needs there are many positive signs that the muslim world are moving towards more liberal democratic societies. As communist

Meaning of Life and Hope Free Essays

Hope Hope, a word that we all use too commonly but not defined clearly. Hope Is a desire accompanied by expectation of belief In fulfillment. It’s the feeling of wanting something that could happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Life and Hope or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a word of belief In positive outcomes about events and circumstances in our life. We use hope In a positive wishful meaning. When we hope for something, we wish for It, we get the Idea that It might happen. Hope Is a source we need in our lives to live and to get through our battles. It Isn’t something that we should want, It’s something that we need. Without It we are lost and not complete. There are many meanings that are salary In reference to the word hope. It’s a word we use to cherish with anticipation. People hope so that they can get over any obstacles that life throws at them. It gives them a reason to live and help them get through their own struggles. It is a psychological way of supporting oneself and motivating oneself also. It gives you the strength to not give up. People may hope to ass the big exam they have coming up, they may hope to pass the class, they also may hope to get the promotion at their jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to overcome an obstacle we should always follow through and believe in ourselves. Everybody needs hope in their lives. It’s our best possession, it’s a part of us that makes our lives more meaningful. Hope is our best friend that will never give up on us or leave us alone. When we find ourselves alone we can find hope to overcome anything that we put our minds to. Everything that we do is based on hope. Hope Is external, there are unlimited possibilities and opportunities hope has in store for us. Hope can make you feel powerful and happy and not weak and desperate. If you hope with pessimism, doubts, confusion and fear it will spoil your hopes. Sometimes hope is all we have when were down. Hope is finding out that it’s not the end! Without hope, there would be no motivation or strength of will to withstand adversity. There would be no long term goals, no direction, no comfort, no value or meaning of life. Hope is a vessel that carries a person through life. It’s a motivator and it gives us something to look forward too each day. Hope is like a battery for our spirit to keep us believing and to have faith. Don’t let doubt and fear get In the way of overcoming your obstacles. Without hope we are miserable and with hope we are powerful. In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source In our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to help overcome any obstacles that come In our way. Hope helps us succeed In anything we put our minds through It. When our thoughts are drowning tit doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependence that the unknown will turn out favorably. Hope Is the heartbeat In our lives, without It we are lost and Incomplete. BY Aftercare’s Hope, a word that we all use too commonly but not defined clearly. Hope is a desire accompanied by expectation of belief in fulfillment. It’s the feeling of wanting something that could happen. It’s a word of belief in positive outcomes about events and circumstances in our life. We use hope in a positive wishful meaning. When we pop for something, we wish for it, we get the idea that it might happen. Hope is a source we need in our lives to live and to get through our battles. It isn’t something that we should want, it’s something that we need. Without it we are lost and not There are many meanings that are similar in reference to the word hope. It’s a word we use to cherish with anticipation. People hope so that they can get over any may hope to get the promotion at their Jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to anything that we put our minds to. Everything that we do is based on hope. Hope is spirit to keep us believing and to have faith. Don’t let doubt and fear get in the way of In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source in our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to help overcome any obstacles that come in our way. Hope helps us succeed in anything we put our minds through it. When our thoughts are drowning with doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependence that the unknown will turn out favorably. Hope is the heartbeat in our lives, without it we are lost and incomplete. How to cite Meaning of Life and Hope, Essays

Syliva Plath Confessional Poetry Speech Essay Example For Students

Syliva Plath Confessional Poetry Speech Essay Welcome, to this conference, Nexus of Art and Society, to reflect on the question how did confessional poets help to influence he changes that occurred in sasss and asss America and helped to shape todays world of poetry and song Confessional poetry was never truly published until the late sasss. This type of poetry shocked as It discussed taboo topics. Confessional poets such as Sylvia Plant challenged Americas conservative attitudes. The poets did this by describing their terrible relationships with their fathers or mothers and unmasking Americas true scars. Throughout Sylvia Plashs short life she has lived through troubled times such WWW and the great depression; and these experiences would have affected the way that she wrote. Sylvia Plant fathers death when she was only 8 years of age had a dramatic effect on her life; she later expresses her hate for him In a poem titled Daddy which was written In 1962. Thought-out Sylvia Poem Daddy many poetic techniques are used to convey a message of hatred towards her farther. Through the use of a simile, In which I lived like a foot. We will write a custom essay on Syliva Plath Confessional Poetry Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sylvia Plant suggests that she was trapped or suppressed by her farther who she describes as a shoe. The entire poem is, in fact, a metaphor where she describes her father as a monster in different forms. An ongoing metaphor is used though out a few of her lines. This metaphor relates herself as a Jew and her farther a Nazi. She displaces her farther as a man In black with a melanomas look. This Is a reference to Hitler and that he treated her as a Jew and treated her as such. This ongoing metaphor would also be a hyperbola as blow his way of treating out of proportion. The style of the poem, Nursery Rhythms is another technique that Sylvia Plant uses in her poem. This adds a child-like tone which then conflicts with the hateful mood of a dark and serious poem. All of these techniques have been used to openly express herself and helped o open the flood gates to confessional poets and todays musicians writing about deep personal issues. Sylvia Plant poetry has caused a revolution throughout the ages. The effects of Sylvia Confessional poetry can still be seen to this very day. This effect is the extended boundaries of taboo topics that musicians are allowed to sing about. We can see this by looking at modern day musicians such as David Drayman the lead singer of Disturbed. Inside the Fire relies on David Trainmans personal experiences. When David was Just a young boy at the age of 16 he feel In love with a girl named Devon. After a while of dating he found out that she was a heroin addict. He later broke up with her as he thought that he could not be with a woman who does drugs. This caused Devon to commit suicide. When David saw Devon in the casket at her funeral he says that the devil was saying that the only way to see her again was to commit suicide. Play song David Drayman song Inside the Fire has many poetic techniques used to convey a feeling of suicide to the song. One devil singing to him. This makes the song more serious as it shows that suicidal thoughts that went through his head at the time of his ex-girlfriends death. A metaphor is used to relate suicide to a portal into another world in which that David could use to get with his beloved ex-girlfriend. Play song This freedom in writing is the result of Sylvia Plashs will to open taboo topics. Sylvia Plant questioned the status quo and brought about a change that extended the boundaries. The method in which she did this was by talking about her taboo life. So, in conclusion to this conference, do you now believe, as I do, that Sylvia Plant helped influence the change of the sasss and asss and that those literary art forms have the power to create change.

Music in a Childs Life Essay Example

Music in a Childs Life Essay Example Music in a Childs Life Essay Music in a Childs Life Essay Music in a Child’s Life Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"Without music, life would be a mistake. † Many people would agree that life would be different without music, but believing that life would be a mistake is a strong statement. Although, taking a look at the ways music has impacted our lives, one might agree with Nietzsche. Music is the fundamental key to developing a well rounded child. As schools are cutting music programs, children’s lives are suffering. For many people, music is a form of self expression; creating an outlet for their energy, and an effective way to develop a child’s brain. Early childhood music lessons have lifelong benefits. Making music is such a basic life skill as walking or talking. As children need these other basic parts of life, they need to be supplied with music as well. For as long as anyone can remember, music has been played and listened to. Music has served many purposes throughout the course of history, like communication, praise, enjoyment, etc. Therefore, it is no wonder that music is such an effective tool for developing children. In the Pennsylvania school system, music must be taught up until the fifth grade. It has been said, that when children learn to play a musical instrument, they strengthen a range of auditory skills. A study showed that music lessons in childhood may lead to changes in the brain that persist years after the lessons have stopped. Northwestern University researchers recorded auditory brainstem responses (electrical brain waves) of college students in response to listening to complex sounds. The group, who reportedly had musical training in early childhood, was better able to pick out pitch and other essential elements from the complex sounds with which they had been tested. Having the ability to detect these sounds is unique, giving children the opportunity to use these skills in the future. Many mothers believe that talking to their baby when it is in the womb makes a difference after the baby is born. Authorities also believe that music makes a big impact on unborn infants, babies, toddlers and even high school students because of the skills developed while learning a musical instrument. Music stimulates growth in the brain that can result in better motor skills, advanced auditory and language skills, and a smarter adult. Furthermore, if a child continues to hear music after birth, it can increase their creativity and an abstract mentality. As children grow up, many parents enroll them in music classes to enrich their learning. Not only will this improve their extracurricular activities, but also their academic life. As students advance throughout grade school, there is an evident difference seen between children who have continued their musical training and those who have not. Most children in music programs have better grades and higher test scores when compared to children who have stopped playing their musical instrument in elementary school. A study performed by the College Entrance Examination Board of Princeton, New Jersey showed that students taking courses in music performance and music appreciation scored higher on the SAT than students with no arts participation. Music performance students scored on average 53 points higher on the verbal and 39 points higher on the math portion. Music appreciation students scored 61 points higher on the verbal and 42 points higher on the math portion (â€Å"Profile of SAT Program Test Takers† 3). The U. S. Department of Education recommends the arts to college-bound middle and junior high school students asserting, â€Å"Many colleges view participation in the arts and music as valuable experience that broadens students’ understanding and appreciation of the world around them†( â€Å"Getting Ready for College Early† 12). By having music classes in grade school, children are setting themselves up for a better and more prepared college experience. In addition, it plays a part in developing â€Å"children’s intellectual development† (15). The U. S. Department of State also suggests for college-bound high school students to have one year of Visual and Performing Arts classes (16). As students grow up, music plays a less prominent role in their lives, but the skills developed continues. Lewis Thomas, physician and biologist, found that music majors comprise the highest percentage of accepted medical students at 66% (â€Å"Vivo Morphometry† 417). Researchers in Leipzig discovered through the use of brain scans that musicians had larger planum temporale, the region of the brain associated with reading skills. Also, musicians had a thicker corpus callosum, the nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the brain. Therefore, children who have learned music at a young age have grown up to have better reading skills and are better able to utilize both sides of their brain because of a thicker corpus callosum. Businesses have also recognized the benefits of musical education in their employees. In fact, according to Norma R. Augustine, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Martin Marietta Corporation, â€Å"The arts enrich communities and employees, and also stimulate the kind of intellectual curiosity our company needs to stay competitive†(â€Å"Music’s Values†). As seen throughout many cases, students who have developed musical skills in grade school grow up to have a more stimulated brain. Former presidents John Quincy Adams and Bill Clinton played the flute and saxophone. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, played the baritone. These three men developed a musical intelligence from playing an instrument while growing up. Throughout many generations, music had been integrated into society. Without music, the lives of many individuals would not have been enriched with ingenuity and creativity.